Gender comprises a range of differences between men and women, extending from the biological to the social. Encyclopædia Britannica notes that gender identity is "an individual's self-conception as being male or female, as distinguished from actual biological sex ." Although gender is popularly used interchangeably with sex (male or female biology), or more recently with "sexual orientation" and "identity" (including LGBT ), historically, within the social sciences , including political economy , it refers to specifically social differences, These are known as gender roles in the biological sciences. Historically, feminism has posited that many gender roles are socially constructed , and lack a clear biological explanation, but find their explanation in unequal (male/female) economic power and other power relations..

Child health is an area of medical practice with a focus on providing holistic care to infants , children and adolescents . It differs from pediatrics , in that the emphasis in pediatrics is ill-health and the alleviation of symptoms or disease.One of the major principles of pediatric nursing is the concept of family centered care . Pediatric nurses function to support the family by providing nursing care that the family cannot perform, educating and supporting them to maintain their normal caring activities and actively viewing the parents as partners in the care process.

Youth leadership has been eleborated upon as a theory of youth development in which young people gain skills and knowledge necessary to lead civic engagement , education reform and community organizing activities. Countless programs around the world seek to teach young people particular skills associated with leadership, particularly those programs associate with youth voice or youth empowerment .

Environmental conservation is an increasing concern of individuals, organisations and governments. Due to the pressures of population and technology the biophysical environment is being degraded, sometimes permanently. This has been recognised and governments began placing restraints on activities that caused environmental degradation . Since the 1960s activism by the environmental movement has created awareness of the various environmental issues . There is not a full agreement on the extent of the environmental impact of human activity and protection measures are occasionally criticised.